Immigration Minister Scott Morrison now has unchecked power to decide the outcomes that will affect the lives of asylum seekers and refugees coming to Australia.
Previous immigration ministers have had this power, but the passage of the Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Bill 2014 this week handed Morrison unprecedented, unchallengeable and secret powers to control the lives of asylum seekers.
So, what does this mean for Australia’s obligations under international law?
It means that Australia is now no longer obliged to adhere to the UN Refugee Convention – a treaty Australia was instrumental in constructing and implementing after the Second World War. Australia was, at that time, at the forefront of human rights in terms of the status of refugees. It signed the initial UN convention and the subsequent 1967 Protocol. This had previously set the framework for Australian immigration and refugee policy.
It also highlighted and placed Australia as a “good world citizen” with an agenda to uphold human rights, and, in this case, treat people seeking sanctuary with dignity, fairness and compassion.
Refugee law is built upon the fundamental principle of non-refoulement: that is it is forbidden to return a person to a country where they may still be persecuted or tortured. This is recognised by every country and exists in the Refugee Convention.
Morrison’s bill, now Australian law, states that:
… it is irrelevant whether Australia has non-refoulement obligations in respect of an unlawful non-citizen.
This is saying that Australia is now entitled to return an asylum seeker to a country where they have been, or know they may be, tortured or persecuted.
Arrivals by boat will also no longer have access to the Refugee Review Tribunal. They will have an appeal mechanism which is not a hearing but only a paper review. This too is an alarming and worrying development.
Evolution of ministerial powers
Asylum seekers first entered the Australian psyche in the late 1970s when Vietnamese “boat people”, as they became known, reached our northern shores.
To the then-Fraser government’s credit, the Vietnamese asylum seekers were well received. The government acknowledged Australia’s legal obligations, recognising the interests of the asylum seekers but complying with the UN declarations. Various waves of asylum seekers have arrived from other countries since then, with differing and hardening treatment of them.
Immigration ministers have extended powers compared to other ministers. The refugee determination system is an administrative system based on ministerial discretion. This means the immigration minister of the day has powers to overrule any decisions made by tribunal determination panels and to have individual decision-making in any determination application.
Ministerial discretion powers were inserted in to the Migration Act in a 1989 amendment to provide an outlet to deal with difficult cases that did not fit statutory visa criteria. Under the act, the minister may substitute a more favourable decision than the one handed down by a tribunal:
… if the minister thinks it is in the public interest to do so.
Significantly, the discretionary powers are non-compellable, non-reviewable and non-delegable within domestic law. This means that the minister does not have a duty to exercise the discretionary powers; the powers must be exercised personally by the minister and cannot be delegated.
The passage of Morrison’s bill gives a new interpretation to these powers. Australia will now follow a new, independent and self-contained statutory framework, and this will have the government’s own interpretation of international law. Australia now regards itself as free from the bonds of the Refugee Convention.
Any checks and balances that were previously in Australia’s refugee system have been stripped away, removing basic protections for those who arrive seeking asylum. No other minister – not the prime minister, the foreign minister nor the attorney-general – has the same unchecked control over the lives of other people.
Morrison now has unchecked power and control over asylum seekers’ lives. His decisions cannot be challenged.
This post originally appeared on The Conversation and is republished here with permission.
Want to learn more? Read these…
What are Australia’s obligations under the UN Refugee Convention?
Welcoming refugees is part of the Australian story
“I always heard the word refugee, but I never imagined I would be one.”
Top Comments
They jeered and they hissed, "it cannot be done!" "You can't stop the boats!" they cried; "it's push factors!", they lied. Then comes this man, this Scott Morrison. He stopped the boats, it really is done. And noone has drowned, not even one.
"Morrison’s bill, now Australian law, states that: '… it is irrelevant whether Australia has non-refoulement obligations in respect of an unlawful non-citizen.'"
It should be noted that the principle of non-refoulement is customary international law, that is, all states are required to comply with this even if they are not party to the relevant Convention(s) or seek to exclude this through national legislation. That statement in Morrison's bill is absolutely not permitted under international law.
"It means that Australia is now no longer obliged to adhere to the UN Refugee Convention..."
Simply trying to exempt Australia from its obligations in the Refugee Convention (and, it should be mentioned, other conventions like the Convention against Torture which provide for non-refoulement) through national law is not allowed - as long as Australia is a party to the Refugee Convention, we are subject to its provisions, no matter what our domestic law says.
If it is ultimately passed, I can't wait to see who challenges the legality of this first.
I was wondering that - I didn't think that Australia could just legislate themselves out of international law - who would challenge it and how?
Unlike other countries (the USA springs to mind, but I'm sure there are others) international treaty obligations do not automatically become Australian law when the treaty is signed/ratified. The provisions of the treaty have to be passed into Australian law as normal legislation. It therefore IS subject to change to suit the whims of the current government.
The international community can (and possibly will) cause a stink over it, and the international courts may become involved if such provisions are ever used; but the fact that Australia has signed a treaty that says we can/can't/must/mustn't do something has absolutely no bearing on Australian domestic law.